top of page
  • yehoshua steinberg
    • 31 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020
    • ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช

ืชืฆื•ื”: ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ~ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2022

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ:

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืชืฆื•ื”, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช.

ืžืืžืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื˜ื•ืจ", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืฉื•ืจื”". ื›ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื”"ืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.


ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื—:ื˜ื•-ื™ื– - ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื—ึนืฉืึถืŸ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜... ื•ึผืžึดืœึผึตืืชึธ ื‘ื•ึน ืžึดืœึผึปืึทืช ืึถื‘ึถืŸ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืึธื‘ึถืŸ.


ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืชืฆื•ื”, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” "ื˜ื•ืจ", ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืฉื•ืจื”" ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”. ื›ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” ('ื˜ืจ') ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืืช ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื–ื”.


ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 'ื˜ืจ', ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืžืœื” "ื˜ื•ืจ" ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืœื” "ื˜ื•ืจ", ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืขืจืš 'ื˜ืจ' ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

1. ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”:

ื. ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื™ื‘ื”: ื ื—ื•ื ื:ื‘ - ื•ึฐื ื•ึนื˜ึตืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐืึนื™ึฐื‘ึธื™ื•; ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•: ืœื ืชืงื•ื ื•ืœื ืชื˜ื•ืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜:ื™ื—). ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื’:ื” - ื”ึฒื™ึดื ึฐื˜ึนืจ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื; ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื•: ื ึนื˜ึตืจึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืจึธืžึดื™ื (ืฉื”"ืฉ ื).

ื‘. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืฅ - ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”: ืื™ื•ื‘ ื˜ื–:ื™ื‘ - ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึดื™ืžึตื ึดื™ ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธืจึธื”; ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื” "ืžื˜ืจื”" ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื”: ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ืœืžื˜ืจื” - ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื•... ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ "ืžืฉืžืจืช" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืžื˜ืจืช, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ืŸ ืข"ืฉ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื•. ืื™ื›ื” ื’:ื™ื‘ - ื“ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืงึทืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึผึทืฆึผึดื™ื‘ึตื ึดื™ ื›ึผึทืžึผึทื˜ึผึธืจึธื ืœึทื—ึตืฅ; ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื - ื›ืžื˜ืจื - ื' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”' ื”ื ืงื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื ื•ื˜ืจ.

ื’. ื›ืœื ("ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”") - ื”ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื“"ืง: ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื‘:ื‘ - ื•ึฐื™ึดืจึฐืžึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทื ึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึธืœื•ึผื ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื”ึทืžึผึทื˜ึผึธืจึธื”; ืจื“"ืง - ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” - ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื. "ืžื˜ืจื”" ืฉืจืฉื• 'ื ื˜ืจ' ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื•: ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื (ื™ืจ' ื’:ื”). ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื "ื•ื™ืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฉืžืจ" - ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื˜ืจื.


2. ื˜ื™ืจื” (ืืจืžื•ืŸ). ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื˜ื™ืจื”" ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื:ื™ - ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื˜ึดื™ืจึนืชึธื ืฉื‚ึธืจึฐืคื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืึตืฉื; ืกืคืจื™ ืžื˜ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงื ืงื ื– - ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืชื, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืคืืจื“ื• - ืžืคืจืฉ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื ื˜ืจ', ื•ื—ืกืจ ืค' ื”ืคืขืœ [ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืช ื ' ืฉืœ 'ื ื˜ืจ'], ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื”ื.


ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ": ื›ืœื™ื ื”:ื’ - ืขื˜ืจืช ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ... ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”; ืืฃ ื˜ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ: ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ืœื•: - ื“ืขื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื ืžื™ ืงืจื™ ืœืฉืœ ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ื™ืจื”, ื“ืงืชื ื™: ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื.


3. ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช (ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช): ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•:ื˜ื• - ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืœึฐื—ึดื™ ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื”; ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื˜ืจื™ื” - ืœื—ื”, ื›ืžื•: ื•ึผืžึทื›ึผึธื” ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื:ื•). ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉ"ื˜ืจื™ื”" ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฆื—:ื™ื’ - ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืœึฐื—ึดื™ ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื” (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•:ื˜ื•), ืžื”ื• ื˜ืจื™ื”? ื‘ืจ ืชืœืชื ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืœื—ื•ืช ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.


ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจ' ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ื (ืฉืžื™ืจื” / ื˜ื™ืจื” / ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช / ื˜ื•ืจ [ืชื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš]) ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื ื˜ื™ืจื”. ืืžื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ืฉืžื™ืจื”" ืžืฉืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: 1. ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ื ื” ("ืœื ืชื˜ื•ืจ"). 2. ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช (ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืฅ). 3. ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” ("ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”"). 4 ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช (ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”). 5. ืœื—ื•ืช (ืœื—ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื”). ื•ืื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจ' ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ.


ื‘ืจื, ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืžื ื—ื - ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื˜ื•ืจ" ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ืชืจื’ืžื” ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก: ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื—:ื™ื– - ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืึธื‘ึถืŸ ื˜ื•ึผืจ; ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก - ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื ืกื“ืจื. ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจ' ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื”? ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ "ืกื“ืจ" ืขื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื” "ืกื“ืจ" ืœื“ืขืช ืจื“"ืง ื”ื•ื "ืฉื“ืจื•ืช", ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื: ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื’:ื™ื“ - ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนื™ึธื“ึธืข ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ืึถืช ืฉื‚ึธืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึตืื•ึนืช ืคึผึฐืงื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึดืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืื•ึผื”ึธ ืึถืœ ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึฐื“ึตืจื•ึนืช; ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ - ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื•ืช - ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ืœ ืชืžืœื˜. "ืฉืžื™ืจื”" ื•"ืกื“ืจ" ืื—ื™ื ื”ื; ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื–ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ืš ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื ืื•ืช.


ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช 'ื˜ืจ' ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื:

1. ืฉื˜ืจ. 2. ืงื˜ืจ. 3. ืื˜ืจ. 4. ืขื˜ืจ. 5. ื˜ืจืง / ืชืจืงืก / ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ. 6. ื—ื˜ืจ. 7. ืžื˜ืจ. 8. ืคื˜ืจ.

ืฉื˜ืจ - ื. "ืฉื•ื˜ืจ": ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ืจื—ื•, ื•ืืช ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื ืกื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื” "ืฉื•ื˜ืจ" ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช "ืกืจืš" (ืชืคื™ืกื” / ืื—ื™ื–ื”) ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื: ืฉืžื•ืช ื”:ื• - ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึผึนื’ึฐืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืขึธื ื•ึฐืึถืช ืฉืึนื˜ึฐืจึธื™ื•; ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก - ื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืขืžื ื•ื™ืช ืกืจื›ื•ื”ื™ - ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ.


ื‘. "ืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื•ื‘": ืจ"ื™ ืžื™ื’ืืฉ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืžืœื” "ืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื•ื‘" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”: ืจ"ื™ ืžื™ื’ืืฉ - ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—.

ืงื˜ืจ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืงืฉื™ืจื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื "ืงื˜ื•ืจื”" (ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœึฐื”ึธื’ึธืจ) ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ืจืชื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืชื”: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”:ื - ื•ึทื™ึผึนืกึถืฃ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึผึทื— ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ ืงึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึธื”; ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืช"ื“): ืงื˜ื•ืจื” - ื–ื• ื”ื’ืจ ื•ื ืงืจืืช ืงื˜ื•ืจื”... ืฉืงืฉืจื” ืคืชื—ื”, ืฉืœื ื ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื” ืœืื“ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืคืจืฉื” ืžืื‘ืจื”ื.

ืื˜ืจ - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฆื™ืจื”: ืชื”ืœื™ื ืกื˜:ื˜ื– - ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึถืึฐื˜ึทืจ ืขึธืœึทื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจ ืคึผึดื™ื”ึธ; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื•ืืœ ืชืื˜ืจ - ื•ืืœ ืชืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœื™; ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ืชืื˜ืจ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืžื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื”, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื•: ืื˜ืจ ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืฉื•ืค' ื’:ื˜ื•); ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง (ืขืจืš 'ืื˜ืจ'): ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘: ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื˜ึผึตืจ ื™ึทื“ ื™ึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึน (ืฉื•ืค' ื’:ื˜ื•), ื•ืžืžื ื•: ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึถืึฐื˜ึทืจ ืขึธืœึทื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจ ืคึผึดื™ื”ึธ (ืชื”' ืกื˜:ื˜ื–) - ืœื ืชืกื’ืจ ื•ืœื ืชืชืคื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื™, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืชืคื•ืฉื” ื•ื ืขืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืขื˜ืจ - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ / ืกื’ืจ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืชื”ืœื™ื ื—:ื• - ื•ึฐื›ึธื‘ื•ึนื“ ื•ึฐื”ึธื“ึธืจ ืชึผึฐืขึทื˜ึผึฐืจึตื”ื•ึผ, ืฉื ืงื’:ื“ - ื”ึทืžึฐืขึทื˜ึผึฐืจึตื›ึดื™ ื—ึถืกึถื“ ื•ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื. ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉ ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฆื™ืข ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืขื˜ืจ' ืœ'ื˜ืจ': ืฉืจืฉ ื™ืฉืข (ืขืจืš 'ืขื˜ืจ'): ืื•ืœื™ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื˜ืจ' - ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื ื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”... ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ, ืฉืฆื‘ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื•. ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉ ื™ืฉืข ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืคื•ืš, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฉ"ื ื›ื’:ื›ื• - ื•ึฐืฉืึธืื•ึผืœ ื•ึทืึฒื ึธืฉืึธื™ื• ืขึนื˜ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืึฒื ึธืฉืึธื™ื• ืœึฐืชึธืคึฐืฉื‚ึธื.

ื˜ืจืง (ืืจืžื™ืช) - ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื—. - ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื˜ืจื•ืงื• ื’ืœื™ [ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช], ื“ืœื ืœื™ืชื• [ื™ื›ื ืกื•] ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ. ืืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื˜ืจืงืก" (ื˜ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืช ืก') ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื•ืชืœ ืื• ืฉืขืจ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืกื’ื™ืจื”: ื™ื•ืžื ื ื: - ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ืื™ ืืžื” ื˜ืจืงืกื™ืŸ [ื›ื•ืชืœ]; ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”: - ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื˜ืจืงืกืžื•ืŸ. ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื“ืจืš ื˜ืจืงืกืžื•ืŸ - ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื“, ืฉืืฃ ื”ืžืœื” "ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ" (ื˜ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืช ืœ') ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉ"ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ" ื”ื•ื "ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš" - ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื˜ื™ืจื”" ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ): ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•:ื• - ื—ืžืฉ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ ืื—ื“; ืคื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืจืžื‘"ื - ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืืจืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื; ืื ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจืง' ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจ', ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื”.

ื—ื˜ืจ - ืžืงืœ. ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ ืกื“ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื•, ืื•ืœื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง, ื”ืžืงืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ: ืจื™"ืฃ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื–: - ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื... ืืœื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ. ืžืื™ ื ื™ื”ื•? ื—ื•ื˜ืจื™, ื•ืกื ื“ืœื™, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื•ืจืฆื•ืขื™; ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ - ื—ื•ื˜ืจื™, ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉืžืžืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื•. ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื‘ื˜ (ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜) ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™: ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ื:ื - ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึนื˜ึถืจ ืžึดื’ึผึตื–ึทืข ื™ึดืฉืึธื™; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื—ื•ื˜ืจ - ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืฉืคื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—: ืฉื ื™ื:ื“ - ื•ึฐืฉืึธืคึทื˜ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึถื“ึถืง ื“ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืœึฐืขึทื ึฐื•ึตื™ ืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึธื” ืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื‘ึถื˜ ืคึผึดื™ื•.

ืžื˜ืจ - ืืช ืฉืจืฉ 'ืžื˜ืจ' ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื’ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื: 1. ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืœ"ื˜ืจื™" (ืœื— ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. 2. ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืžื˜ืจ' ืœ'ื ื˜ืจ' ืžืคืืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืชื ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” (ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืขื“ ืขืชื”), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื”ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืจืง ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื›ืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื‘: ืื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื˜:ื›ื’ - ื•ึฐื™ึดื—ึฒืœื•ึผ ื›ึทืžึผึธื˜ึธืจ ืœึดื™ ื•ึผืคึดื™ื”ึถื ืคึผึธืขึฒืจื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐืงื•ึนืฉื; ืžืœื‘ื™"ื - ื•ื™ื—ืœื• ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.

ืคื˜ืจ - ื›ืขืช ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื”: ื”ื•ืจืืช 'ืคื˜ืจ' ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’:ื‘ - ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ืจึถื—ึถื. ื‘ืจื, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื”ืจื—ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื ื™ื’:ื - ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื—ื ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืชืœื“ ื›ืืœื• ืจื—ืžื” ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืงืจื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืจื—ื ื•ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืคึผื•ึนื˜ึตืจ ืžึทื™ึดื ืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืžึธื“ื•ึนืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื–:ื™ื“). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืœื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ, "ืคึถึผื”-ื˜ืจ" - ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”"ืคึถึผื”", ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ.


ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื ื’ื–ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉ 'ื˜ืจ' ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืœื” "ืคื˜ืจ" ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืžื™ื“ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ืช ืื—ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื“ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœ ืืœ ื—ื™ืœ. ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ.


2 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ
bottom of page