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  • yehoshua steinberg

ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: ืื’ืฃ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ~ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2022



ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” โ€“ ืื’ืฃ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™

ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื โ€˜ืฉื›ืŸโ€™ ื•โ€™ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”:

ื“ื‘โ€˜ ืœื’:ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ืึธืžึทืจ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ ื”โ€™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื— ืขึธืœึธื™ื•; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ืจึฐื—ึดื™ืžึธื ื“ึทื”โ€™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืืจึตื™ ืœึฐืจื•ึนื—ึฒืฆึธืŸ ืขึฒืœื•ึนื™.

ื“ื‘โ€˜ ืœื’:ื›ื— โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึถึผื˜ึทื— ื‘ึธึผื“ึธื“ ืขึตื™ืŸ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ื•ื™ืฉืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื•ื—ืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื•ื“ื•ื”ื™.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื:

  1. ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•ืœื‘:ื™ื— โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึทืื‘ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื•ึตื” ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ื•ึนืช ืžึดื‘ึฐื˜ึทื—ึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึดืžึฐื ื•ึผื—ึนืช ืฉึทืืึฒื ึทื ึผื•ึนืช.

  2. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ื›ื’:ื• โ€“ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ืชึดึผื•ึธึผืฉึทืืข ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  3. ืฉืืœื’:ื˜ื– โ€“ ื‘ึทึผื™ึธึผืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตื ืชึดึผื•ึธึผืฉึทืืข ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื ืชึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึผื•ึนืŸ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  4. ืชื”ืœื™ืื˜ื–:ื˜ โ€“ ืœึธื›ึตืŸ ืฉึธื‚ืžึทื— ืœึดื‘ึดึผื™ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื’ึถืœ ื›ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนื“ึดื™ ืึทืฃ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจึดื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  5. ืžืฉืœื™ื:ืœื’ โ€“ ื•ึฐืฉึนืืžึตึฃืขึทึฝ ืœึดึญื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸึพื‘ึถึผึ‘ื˜ึทื— ื•ึฐึืฉึทืืึฒื ึทึ—ืŸ ืžึดืคึทึผึฅื—ึทื“ ืจึธืขึธึฝื”.

ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฆืžื“ ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืขื โ€˜ืฉื›ืŸโ€™, โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœ โ€˜ื™ืฉื‘โ€™, ื›ืžื•:

  1. ืžโ€œืื”:ื” โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  2. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ืžื˜:ืœื โ€“ ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืขึฒืœื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ ืฉึฐืืœึตื™ื• ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  3. ืฉืืœื‘:ืœื– โ€“ ื•ึฐื”ึนืฉึทืื‘ึฐืชึดึผื™ื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  4. ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื›ื—:ื›ื• โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

  5. ืฉืืœื—:ื™ื“ โ€“ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึถืื‘ึถืช ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช, ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ืฉื›ืŸโ€™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ืฉืšโ€™, ื•ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื”ื ื—ื”ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื”.

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ืฉื›ืŸโ€™ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ื”, ืฉืงื˜, ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ:

  1. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื›ื•:ื‘ โ€“ ืฉึฐืื›ึนืŸ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ; ื”ื›ื•ื”โ€œืง โ€“ ืฉึฐืื›ึนืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืืœื™ืš.

  2. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ื–:ื’ โ€“ ื•ึทืึฒืฉึทืื›ึฐึผื ึธื” ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื” ืืชื›ื โ€“ ืืขืžื™ื“ื›ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื›ืโ€ฆ ื•ืœื ืชื’ืœื• ืžืžื ื•.

  3. ืชื”ืœื™ืืœื–:ื’ โ€“ ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึทื— ื‘ึทึผื”โ€™ ื•ึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืฉึฐืื›ึธืŸ ืึถืจึถืฅ; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื•ื˜ืขื ืฉึฐืื›ึธืŸ ืืจืฅ: ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš ืชืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.

  4. ืฉืืกื˜:ืœื– โ€“ ื•ึฐืึนื”ึฒื‘ึตื™ ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ื•ึผ ื‘ึธื”ึผ; ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื โ€“ ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื• ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜.

  5. ืฉืืคื”:ื™ โ€“ ืœึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ื›ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ื‘ึฐึผืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ; ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื โ€“ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื–ืžืŸ.

  6. ืฉืื˜ื•:ื โ€“ ืžึดื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืงึธื“ึฐืฉึถืืšึธ; ืคื™โ€˜ ืื‘ืŸื™ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืœืช ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช.

  7. ืžืฉืœื™ื‘:ื›ื โ€“ ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึฐืฉึธืืจึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ื•ึผ ืึธืจึถืฅ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.

ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืฉืจืฉ โ€œื™ืฉื‘โ€ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ; ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืื ืฆื—ื™:

  1. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ื™ื–:ื›ื” โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื; ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื โ€“ ืฉืœื ืชื—ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ: ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ.

  2. ื™ื•ืืœื“:ื› โ€“ ื•ึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ืชึตึผืฉึตืื‘; ืžืฆโ€œื“ โ€“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืฉื‘ โ€“ ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืชื—ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“.

  3. ื–ื›ืจื™ื”ื:ื™ื โ€“ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื™ึนืฉึถืื‘ึถืช ื•ึฐืฉึนืืงึธื˜ึถืช; ืžืฆโ€œืฆ โ€“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื”.

  4. ืฉืื–:ื– โ€“ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื ื™ึนืฉึถืื‘ึถืช ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึตื•ึธื”; ืžืฆโ€œื“ โ€“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืจโ€ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืฉืื ืŸ.

  5. ืฉืืฉื โ€“ ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืคึตืœึธื” ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘โ€ฆ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื—.

  6. ืชื”ืœื™ืื˜:ื— โ€“ ื•ึทื”โ€™ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึตืฉึตืื‘; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ: ื”โ€™ ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉื‘ (ืชื”โ€™ ื›ื˜:ื™).

  7. ืฉืืกื˜:ืœื• โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืฉึธืื ื•ึดื™ืจึตืฉืื•ึผื”ึธ; ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื โ€“ ืฉื–ืจืขื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ื” ืžืืชื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื’ืœื• ืื—โ€ื› ืžืžื ื”.

  8. ืฉืืงื›ื”:ื โ€“ ื›ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึผื•ึนื˜ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึตืฉึตืื‘; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื™ึตืฉึตืื‘ โ€“ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.

ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืœืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื”? ื•ืžื”ื™ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืžื•ืœ โ€œืฉืœื•ื”โ€, โ€œื”ืฉืงื˜โ€, โ€œืจื•ื’ืขโ€, โ€œืฉืื ืŸโ€ ืื• โ€œืžื ื•ื—ื”โ€ (ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ื โ€ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ โ€œื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”โ€ ื•โ€ืฉื›ื•ื ื”โ€)? ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื ื ืกื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™, ื•ื”ืŸ: 1. ื˜ื•ื— 2. ื˜ื—ื” 3. ื˜ื—ืŸ 4. ืฉื˜ื— 5. ื˜ื—ืจ 6. ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— 7. ื‘ื˜ื—.

ืžืœื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื’ื–ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื โ€œื˜ื™ื—ื”โ€. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื™ื— ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื”: 1. ืžืจื™ื—ื” / ื”ื—ืœืงื” / ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ. 2. ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— / ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื. 3. ืกืชื™ืžื”. 4. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“โ€ื› ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืกืชืžื™ืช ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช โ€œืฉืœื•ื”โ€, โ€œื”ืฉืงื˜โ€, โ€œืจื•ื’ืขโ€, โ€œืฉืื ืŸโ€ ื•โ€ืžื ื•ื—ื”โ€ (ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ื’ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื”โ€ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื—).

  1. ื˜ื•ื— โ€“ ืžืจื™ื—ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ืกื™ื•ื“: ื•ื™โ€˜ ื™ื“:ืžื‘ โ€“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื; ืชืจโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึดื˜ึฐืฉืื•ึผืŸ ื™ึทืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืชึธื; ืชืžโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐื˜ึทืฉื ื™ึทืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืชึธื; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื•ื˜ื— ื”ืคืš ื™ืงืฆื™ืข, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจืช: ื˜ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืคืœ (ื™ื—ื–โ€™ ื™ื’:ื™). ื•ืžื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื•ืกืชื™ืžื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื: ื™ืฉืขโ€˜ ืžื“:ื™ื— โ€“ ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ึทื— ืžึตืจึฐืื•ึนืช; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ืœึธื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผืŸ ื•ึฐืœึธื ืžึดืกึฐืชึทึผื›ึฐึผืœึดื™ืŸ ืึฒืจึตื™ ืžึฐื˜ึทืžึฐื˜ึฐืžึธืŸ ืžึดืœึฐืžึถื—ึฑื–ึตื™.

ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื’ื–ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื: ืื™ื•ื‘ืœื—:ืœื• โ€“ ืžึดื™ ืฉึธืืช ื‘ึทึผื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื”. ื—ื–โ€ืœ (ืจโ€ื” ื›ื.) ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉโ€ื‘ึทื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืชโ€ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืฉื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืฉื˜. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ืžืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™ (โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœืคื™โ€™ ืžื ื—ื), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘โ€™ ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉืจืฉื™ืช. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื“โ€ืง ื’ื ื˜ืขื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช: ืจื“โ€œืง (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€˜) โ€“ ืžึดื™ ืฉึธืืช ื‘ึทึผื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ: ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื ืงืจื ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ึฐึผื—ึตืœึถื‘. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉื•ื” ื–โ€ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: ื‘ืžื“โ€œืจ (ื™:ื—) โ€“ ืžึดื™ ืฉึธืืช ื‘ึทึผื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื—:ืœื•) โ€“ ืืœื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ; ืžืชื ื•ืชื›ื”ื•ื ื” โ€“ ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืชื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื›ื™ ื˜ื— ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืœื‘โ€ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื“โ€ืง ื‘ืฉืจืฉื™ื .

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—, ืฉืžื•ึผืจื•ืช ืžื–ืขื–ื•ืข ื•ื—ื‘ืœื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ึตืœื‘ ื”ืžืœืคืคืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืœื ื’ื ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื›ืกืœื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืจื, ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉ โ€œื‘ึทื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืชโ€ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืงื•ืช: 1. ืชื”โ€˜ ื ื:ื— โ€“ ื”ึตืŸ ืึฑืžึถืช ื—ึธืคึทืฆึฐืชึธึผ ื‘ึทื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐืกึธืชึปื ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ืชื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึตื ึดื™; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื• ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืงื•ืช [ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื— / ื˜ื•ื—]. ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘โ€™ ืฉื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื—ื, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ โ€œื‘ึทื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืชโ€ ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืš: ื•ืžื ื—ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื: ื›ึดึผืžึฐื˜ึทื—ึฒื•ึตื™ ืงึถืฉึถืืช (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื:ื˜ื–), ื•ื›ืŸ: ืžึดื™ ืฉึธืืช ื‘ึทึผื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื—:ืœื•) โ€“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืงืฉืช ืžืฉืš, ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืš ืœื“ืขืช. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™.

  1. ื˜ื—ื” โ€“ ืžืจื—ืงื™ืจื™ืชื”ื—ืฅ: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื›ื:ื˜ื– โ€“ ื›ึดึผืžึฐื˜ึทื—ึฒื•ึตื™ ืงึถืฉึถืืช; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช โ€“ ื›ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ืฅโ€ฆ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื”ื˜ื—ื”โ€ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื–โ€ืœ, ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืœื”: ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืืฉืชื•, ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื”ื–ืจืข ื™ื•ืจื” ื›ื—ืฅ; ืจื“โ€œืง (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—ื”โ€˜) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ืงืฉืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืฅ.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ื—ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืช (ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™) ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื โ€œื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืชโ€ ื•โ€ื‘ึทื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช ื—ื›ืžื”โ€, ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื ื—ื ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืš. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™โ€ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ืจ ืขื โ€œื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืชโ€ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€œื•ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื•ืžืชื™ื—ื”:ื™โ€œืฉ (ื:ืง,ื‘ โ€“ ืชโ€œื“): ื”ื•ื ื— ืฉื โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื‚ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•: ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช (ื‘ืจโ€™ ื›ื:ื˜ื–) โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืžื–ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™, ื›ืžื•: ื•ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื•ื™โ€™ ื™ื“:ืžื‘) โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงื™ืจ.

ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžโ€ื™ืจื™ื”โ€, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–โ€ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื”ื˜ื—ื”โ€ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื” ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš:ืื”ืœื•ืชื™ื–:ื‘ โ€“ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื—ื•ึนืจึตืฉื ื•ึฐื”ึดื˜ึดึผื™ื—ึท ื‘ึฐึผืกึถืœึทืข; ืจืžื‘โ€œืืคื”ืžโ€œืฉ โ€“ ืฉื”ืชื—ื›ืš ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ; ืจืขโ€œื‘ โ€“ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืกืœืข โ€“ ื”ื›ื” ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืกืœืข. ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืื”ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™:

  1. ื˜ื—ืŸ โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ืชื”ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื•: ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื’:ื˜ื• โ€“ ื•ึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ืขึฒื ึดื™ึดึผื™ื ืชึดึผื˜ึฐื—ึธื ื•ึผ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืชื˜ื—ื ื• โ€“ ืชื›ืชืชื•; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ืชื˜ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื—ืงื•.ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ืœืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—ื”โ€™ ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื•ืจืขโ€ื‘ ื”ื โ€ืœ (ืฉืคโ€™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš / ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ).

ื‘ืจื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื›ืชืฉ ืœืื‘ืง ืื• ืžืžืจื— ืžืขืชื” ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืงืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชืจืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืจื— ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืขืช. ื›ืš ืงื™ืฉืจ ื—โ€ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• (ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™), ื•ื–โ€ืœ:

ื—ืฉืงืฉืœืžื” (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€˜ โ€“ ืชโ€œื“) โ€“ ืžืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขโ€ื™ ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃโ€ฆ ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื—ืŸ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืโ€ฆ ืฉืชืžืชื— ื•ืชืชืคืฉื˜โ€ฆ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื˜ื—โ€โ€ฆ ื™ืงืจื ื›ืชื™ืชืช ื”ืจื—ื™ื โ€œื˜ื—ืŸโ€: โ€œื•ึทื™ึดึผื˜ึฐื—ึทืŸ ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึธึผืงโ€ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘:ื›), โ€œื•ึฐื˜ึธื—ึฒื ื•ึผ ื‘ึธืจึตื—ึทื™ึดืโ€ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื:ื—) โ€“ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ,ืฉืžืฉืคืฉืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ืŸโ€ฆ ื•ื”ืงืžื— ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ื ืžืชื— ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื, ื›ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.

ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืžื—ืฉืช ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ืœโ€™ื˜ื—ื”โ€™. ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืื™ืชื: ืคืกื—ื™ืื ื“. โ€“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื—ื ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ืื•ืจ; ืื•ืœื, ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื’ืจืก โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื โ€˜ื˜ื—ื ืŸโ€™: ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ื˜ื—ืŸ โ€“ ื˜ื— ื•ื”ื›ื” ื•ืฉืคืฉืฃ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจืกื ืœืคื™ ื”ื›โ€ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืจืกืช ืจืฉโ€ื™, ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื โ€ืž ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื™ืขื‘โ€ืฅ, ืฉืœืคื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ โ€œื•ื˜ื—ืŸโ€ ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืื”: ื™ืขื‘โ€œืฅ โ€“ ืžืคื™ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื ืจืื” ื“ื’ืจืก ื•ื˜ื—ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื โ€™ ืฉืจืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื•ืจโ€ืœ ื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื›ืืชืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื”. ื›ื™ ืขโ€ื™ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืื‘ืง ื•ืขืคืจ, ืืœื ืขโ€ื™ ื”ึทืงึธืฉึธื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืงืฉื”.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืจืฉโ€ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื•ื˜ื—ืŸโ€ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—ื”โ€™ ื”ื โ€ืœ: โ€œื˜ื—โ€, โ€œื”ื›ื”โ€ ื•โ€ืฉืคืฉืฃโ€. ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืžื– ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืœื” โ€œืฉืคืฉืฃโ€ ืฉืขื ื™ื ื™ โ€œื˜ื™ื—ื”โ€ ื•โ€ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”โ€ ืื—ื™ื ื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื˜ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืงืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื›ืชื™ืฉืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœืงืื” ื›ื–ื•.

  1. ืฉื˜ื— โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืœื•ืฉ, ื“ืœื™ืœ ื•ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (โ€œืžื•ืคืฉื˜โ€ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—โ€ืฉ ื”ื โ€ืœ), ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™ ื›ืฉื ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื‚ื”, ื”ืคืฆื”ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืจื: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื:ืœื‘ โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื˜ึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืฉึธืื˜ื•ึนื—ึท; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืคืจืฉื•, ื•ื›ืŸ: ืฉื˜ื—ืชื™ ืืœื™ืš ื›ืคื™ (ืชื”โ€™ ืคื—:ื™). ืื™ื•ื‘ื™ื‘:ื›ื’ โ€“ ืžึทืฉึฐื‚ื’ึดึผื™ื ืœึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึฐืึทื‘ึฐึผื“ึตื ืฉึนืื˜ึตื—ึท ืœึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึทึผื ึฐื—ึตื; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ืฉื•ื˜ื— โ€“ ืžืŸ: ื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืœื”ื (ื‘ืžโ€™ ื™ื:ืœื‘), ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืจืฉ. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคื™ืฅ ื•ืžื–ืจ.

ื•ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจโ€™ ื ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื โ€œืกื™ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง, ืžื•ืœ โ€œืกื™ื“ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื—โ€ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ: ืื‘ื•ืชื“ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืŸื ื•ืกื—ืืืคืจืงื›ื“ โ€“ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื”, ืœืกื™ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ื–ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืงื™ืžืขื ืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื•.

ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจื” ืฉืžืœืช โ€œืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื, ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืŸ โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื ื”ืฉืจืฉ ื”ื•ื โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื—ื”: ืจื’ืœื™ืฉืจื” (ื“ืฃืžื๐Ÿ™‚ โ€“ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืฆโ€ืœ ืœืขโ€ื“, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœโ€. ื•โ€ืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื โ€ืœ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• [ืœื”ื] ืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ (ื‘ืžโ€™ ื™ื:ืœื‘), ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ืกื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ ืžืฉืžืข ืคืจื™ืฉื‚ื” โ€œืจืื•ื™ื”โ€, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœโ€ื˜ื•ื—โ€ ืกืชื, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”: ื›ืกืืจื—ืžื™ื (ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืกโ€œื’, ื“ืฃืฉื™โ€œื˜ โ€“ ืชโ€œื“) โ€“ ืœืกื™ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืื ื”ืกื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืืœื ื ื™ื˜ื•ื— โ€“ ืคื™โ€™ ื˜ื—ื• ืขโ€ื’ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืœื ื˜ื•ื—โ€ฆ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸโ€ฆ ื˜ึธื—ึตื™ ืชึธืคึตืœ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื’:ื™ื) ืื– ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื.

ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืง ื™โ€ื’ ืขืœ ืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืชืคืœ, ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ, ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื: ืึฑืžึนืจ ืึถืœ ื˜ึธื—ึตื™ ืชึธืคึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึดืคึนึผืœ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื’ึถึผืฉึถืื ืฉืื•ึนื˜ึตืฃ ื•ึฐืึทืชึตึผื ึธื” ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึถืœึฐื’ึธึผื‘ึดื™ืฉื ืชึดึผืคึนึผืœึฐื ึธื” ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ืกึฐืขึธืจื•ึนืช ืชึฐึผื‘ึทืงึตึผืขึท (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื’:ื™ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœโ€ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื”โ€, ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืคืจื™ืฉื‚ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื• (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื™ื— ื•ืกื™ื“, ืฉืœื ืคืขื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•ืกื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™).

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืืžื ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™ ืœโ€™ื˜ื—ื”โ€™ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื. ืื•ืœื ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื‘ืจื” ื›ื—ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื™ืฉื‚ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.

  1. ื˜ื—ืจ โ€“ ื—ื•ืœื™ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืงื— ืฉืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืฉืœ โ€˜ื˜ื—ืจโ€™ ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื—ื”ื•ืกืชื™ืžื”: ื“ื‘ืจื™ืื›ื—:ื›ื– โ€“ ื™ึทื›ึฐึผื›ึธื” ื”โ€™ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื—ึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื {ื•ื‘ืขืคืœื™ื} ื•ึผื‘ึทื˜ึฐึผื—ึนืจึดื™ื; ืจื•ืงื—ืขืœื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืชโ€œื“) โ€“ โ€œื˜ื—ื•ืจื™ืโ€ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ: ื˜ื— ืžืจืื•ืช (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ืžื“)โ€ฆ โ€œื˜ื—ื•ืจโ€โ€ฆ ื ืงื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื ืจโ€™ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืื–ื•ื– ืฉืœื™ื˜โ€ื: ืืกืฃื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ (ื“ืฃืงืฆโ€œื•) โ€“ ื˜ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื โ€ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘โ€™ ืžืœื™ื ื˜ื—ื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืจโ€ืœ ืฉืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืคืฆืขื™ื ืจื—โ€ืœ. ืืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉ ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉโ€™ื˜ื—ืจโ€™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืฉ ื›ืคื•ืœ, โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ โ€“ โ€˜ื—ืจโ€™, ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืชโ€, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื—ื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืกืชืจ: ืฉืจืฉื™ืฉืข (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—ืจโ€˜ [ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’โ€™]) โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—-ื—ืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื“ื—ื•ื™ โ€œื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืชโ€, ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.

  2. ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— โ€“ ืคืจื™ื”ืื“ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ื‘ืขืœืงืœื™ืคื”ืงืฉื”. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืชืจื’ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื” ืžึฐืœึทืคึฐืคื•ึผื ึทื™ึธื: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื:ื” โ€“ ื•ึฐืึตืช ื”ึธืึฒื‘ึทื˜ึดึผื—ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึดื™ืจ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผืฆึธืœึดื™ื; ืชืžโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึทืช ืžึฐืœึทืคึฐืคื•ึผื ึทื™ึธื โ€œืœืฃโ€ / โ€œืœืคืฃโ€ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืฉืžื•ืชื›ื—:ื– โ€“ ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ื›ึฐืชึตืคึนืช ื—ึนื‘ึฐืจึนืช ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผื•ึน ืึถืœ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ืงึฐืฆื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื—ึปื‘ึธึผืจ; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ืชืจื™ืŸ ื›ืชืคื™ืŸ ืžืœืคืคืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืชืจื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื”ื™ ื•ื™ืชืœืคืฃ. ืงื”ืœืชืจื‘ื”ื–:ื โ€“ [ืฉืืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืจโ€™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขืจืš ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื โ€œืœื™ืคืชืŸโ€, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื” ื”ื–ืืช]: ืœื™ืคืชืŸ โ€“ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘โ€™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื•ืชื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”; ืขืฅื™ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ืœืคื•ืชื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” โ€“ ืคื™โ€™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืœืคืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื” ืœืœืคืช ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืช. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืจื™ืกื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช / ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช โ€œืœื•ืคึผื™ืŸโ€: ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืชืžื“. โ€“ ื”ื–ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืœื•ืคึผื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืจ; ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืฉื•ื โ€“ ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ื“ื ืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืคื™ โ€“ ืฉืจื™ืกื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.

ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœึฐื™ึตืฉืื•ึผืช ื’ืฉืžื™ืช, ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื— โ€œืื‘ื˜ื™ื—โ€, ืคืจื™ ืžืœื•ืคืฃ (ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืœืฃ ื‘ึฐึผื ึธืงึตืœ) ื•ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.

  1. ื‘ื˜ื— โ€“ ืืžื•ืŸืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™: ื•ื™ืงืจืื›ื”:ื™ื˜ โ€“ ื•ึดื™ืฉึทืื‘ึฐืชึถึผื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื— ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ; ื”ืขืžืงื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืขโ€ื› ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœื™ื”. ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื“ืื™โ€™ ื‘ื‘โ€ืง ืคโ€™ ื”ื›ื•ื ืก (ืก:) โ€“ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื–ืจ ืจื’ืœืš. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืืœื ืชืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื—. ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืขืœื”ืชื ื™ื (ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืฉื”โ€œืฉ) โ€“ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึทื— ื‘ึทึผื”โ€™ [ืชื”โ€™ ืงื˜ื•:ื˜] โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื•ึฐื˜ึธื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช [ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื“:ืžื‘] โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ืฉื™ืชื“ื‘ืง ืœื”โ€™.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• โ€“ โ€œืœืจื•ื—ืฆืŸโ€, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžืืžืจ: ื“ื‘โ€˜ ืœื’:ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ ื”โ€™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึนึผืŸ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ืจึฐื—ึดื™ืžึธื ื“ึทื”โ€™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืืจึตื™ ืœึฐืจื•ึนื—ึฒืฆึธืŸ. ื‘ืจื, ื ื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉ ื”ืืจืžื™ โ€˜ืจื—ืฅโ€™ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืกื”: 1. ืฉโ€œื‘ื›ื‘:ืœื โ€“ ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื”ึทื—ึนืกึดื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึน; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึดื™ ืžึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ืŸ ืขึฒืœื•ึนื”ึดื™. ืฆืคื ื™ื”ื’:ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื•ึฐื—ึธืกื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”โ€™; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึฒืฆื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึธื ื“ึทื™ึธื™. ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ื‘: 2. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ืžื—:ื โ€“ ื”ึนื‘ึดื™ืฉึธืื” ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐื‚ื’ึธึผื‘ ื•ึธื—ึธืชึธึผื”; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืจื•ึนื—ึฒืฆึธื ึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึดืชึฐึผื‘ึธืจื•ึผ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืขืจืฉื•: 3. ืขืžื•ืกื’:ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึนืืžึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึดึผืคึฐืึทืช ืžึดื˜ึธึผื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื“ึฐืžึถืฉึถืืง ืขึธืจึถืฉื‚; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ื“ึฐื™ึธืชึฐื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึนืืžึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึดึผืชึฐืงื•ึนืฃ ืฉืื•ึผืœึฐื˜ึทืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื“ึทืžึถืฉึถื‚ืง ืจึฐื—ึดื™ืฆึดื™ืŸ.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ื”ืžืœื” โ€œืจื—ืฅโ€ ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืืจืžื™ โ€œืื˜ืžืฉโ€: ืชื”ืœื™ืืก:ื™ โ€“ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืกึดื™ืจ ืจึทื—ึฐืฆึดื™; ืชืจื’ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืื‘ืื™ ืื˜ืžืฉื• ืจื’ืœื™. ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื˜ืžืฉโ€™ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ โ€œื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”โ€ ื‘ื›โ€ืž. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื—ืฆื”ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื” ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืชื—ืœื™ื‘ื™ื: ืื™ื•ื‘ื›ื˜:ื• โ€“ ื‘ึดึผืจึฐื—ึนืฅ ื”ึฒืœึดื™ื›ึทื™ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึตืžึธื” ื•ึฐืฆื•ึผืจ ื™ึธืฆื•ึผืง ืขึดืžึธึผื“ึดื™ ืคึทึผืœึฐื’ึตื™ ืฉึธืืžึถืŸ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื‘ื—ืžื” โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืžืื”. ื•ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืง ืขืžื“ื™ ืคืœื’ื™ ืฉืžืŸ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื›ืœ ืชืื•ืช ืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื ื—ืœื™ ืฉืžืŸ.

ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€œืจื—ื™ืฅโ€ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช (=ื‘ื˜ื—) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ โ€œืจื—ื™ืฆื”โ€ ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”ื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืจึฐืคึธึผื™ึธื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืžื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€œืจื—ื™ืฅโ€ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง: ืกืคืจื˜ืขืžื™ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื (ื“ืฃ 82 ืชโ€œื“) โ€“ ื‘ื™ื” ืื ื ืจื—ื™ืฅ โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืงืชื™โ€ฆ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื™ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื“โ€™ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื” ื˜ื”ืจื” ืฉืœื™ (ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื”ืจโ€ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืคืจืขืžื™ืฉืœืืŸ.

ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ืžื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€œื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”โ€ ืื• โ€œืฉื›ื•ื ื”โ€ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ โ€œืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€ โ€“ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉืงื˜ื•ืฉืœื•ื”? ืืœื, ื”ืžืœื” โ€œืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื โ€œื™ืฉื‘โ€ ื•โ€ืฉื›ืŸโ€. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”โ€ืฉื•ื›ืŸโ€ ื•ื”โ€ื™ื•ืฉื‘โ€ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืœึธื™ื•ึนืช (ื”โ€ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืชโ€) ื”ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืขื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช (ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืœ) ืžืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื— (โ€œื‘-ื˜ื—โ€) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ื›ืคืœื™ื.

ื•ื™ื”โ€ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ืกืœื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื—ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ึฐื™ื ึดื™ื—ึท ื”โ€™ ืœึธื ื• ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึตื™ื ื• ืžึดืกึธึผื‘ึดื™ื‘, ื•ื ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื—.

1ื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืื’ื‘ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉโ€ื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ โ€œืžืฉื›ืŸโ€, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ โ€œื‘ื™ืชโ€ ื”ื•ื โ€œืฉืœื•ืโ€: ืฉโ€œืื›ื”:ื• โ€“ ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชึฐืšึธ ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื. ืื™ื•ื‘ื›ื:ื˜ โ€“ ื‘ึธึผืชึตึผื™ื”ึถื ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ืžึดืคึธึผื—ึทื“.

2ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืฉโ€™ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžโ€™ืฉื›ืŸโ€™ ืื• โ€˜ื™ืฉื‘โ€™: ื. ื™ืฉืขโ€˜ ื™ื“:ืœ โ€“ ื•ึฐืจึธืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจึตื™ ื“ึทืœึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื— ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึธึผืฆื•ึผ; ื‘ืจื, ืจืื‘โ€ืข ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›โ€ื– ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉโ€ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€: ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜. ื‘. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ืžืœื” โ€œืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืžืชืืจืช โ€œื•ื”ื™ื•โ€, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื™โ€ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ืžื• โ€˜ื™ืฉื‘โ€™: ื™ื—ื–โ€˜ ืœื“:ื›ื– โ€“ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—; ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื โ€“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื ืชืชื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื›ื ื‘ืขืชื ื•ื ืชื ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืืจืฆื›ื. ื’. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื’โ€™, โ€œืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืžืชืืจืช โ€œื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืโ€, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ โ€œื•ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ื”ื โ€ืœ: ื”ื•ืฉืขื‘:ื› โ€“ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉึฐืื›ึทึผื‘ึฐืชึดึผื™ื ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐืึทืฉึฐืืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืŸ ืœึฐืจื•ึนื—ึฒืฆึธืŸ. ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ืชืจโ€ื™ ืœื‘ืžโ€™ ื›ื’:ื›ื“.

3 ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉโ€™ืฉื›ืŸโ€™ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืชืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืขื”ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ื ื—ื•ืื’:ื™ื— โ€“ ื ึธืžื•ึผ ืจึนืขึถื™ืšึธ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึทืฉึผืื•ึผืจ ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ื•ึผ ืึทื“ึดึผื™ืจึถื™ืšึธ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื™ืฉื›ื ื• โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื™ืฉื›ื ื• โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืงื˜ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืชื ื•ืขืขื•; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ืื“ื™ืจื™ืš โ€“ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ื•ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืœื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืคืฉื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืืฆื“:ื™ื– โ€“ ื›ึดึผืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืฉึธืื›ึฐื ึธื” ื“ื•ึผืžึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉึดืื™; ืจื“โ€œืง โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉึธืื›ึฐื ึธื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื‘ืจ.

4ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื”โ€ื‘.

5ืœโ€™ โ€œื˜ืฉโ€ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ โ€œื˜ื™ื—ื”โ€ (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ #1 ืœืžื˜ื”), ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื•ื™ืงโ€˜ ื™ื“:ืžื‘ โ€“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช; ืชืจโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึดื˜ึฐืฉืื•ึผืŸ ื™ึทืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืชึธื. ื•ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ื• ืœืคโ€™ ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื˜ืฉโ€™, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ, ืคืจื™ืฉื”ื•ื›ื•โ€™.

6ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ืฉืขืขโ€™ (ืจืื” ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืขืจืš โ€˜ืฉืขืขโ€™), ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืชืจื’ื•ื โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ื‘ื›โ€ืž: ื™ื—ื–โ€˜ ื™ื’:ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื”ึทื˜ึดึผื™ื—ึท ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื˜ึทื—ึฐืชึถึผื; ืชโ€œื™ โ€“ ืฉึดืื™ืขึธื ื“ึฐืฉึทืืขึฐืชึผื•ึผืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืจื’โ€™ ืฉืœ โ€œื—ืœืงโ€ (ืชื›ื•ื ืช ืžืงื•ืืžื˜ื•ื™ื—): ื‘ืจโ€˜ ื›ื–:ื™ื โ€“ ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึธืœึธืง; ืชโ€œื โ€“ ื•ึทืึฒื ึธื ื’ึฐื‘ึทืจ ืฉึฐืืขึดื™ืขึท. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื–โ€ืœ: ืคืกื—โ€˜ ืขื“: โ€“ ื”ืœื‘ ืงื•ืจืขื• ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•โ€ฆ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื‘ ื“ืฉื™ืข; ืžืื™ืจื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื‘โ€ฆ ืงื•ืจืขื• ืงื•ื“ื ืžืœื™ื—ืชื•โ€ฆ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœืข ืžื“ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” โ€˜ื”ืฉืขโ€™ ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง ืขืœ ืกืชื™ืžื”ื•ืขืฆื™ืžื” (ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื—): ื™ืฉืขโ€˜ ื•:ื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื”ึธืฉึทืืข; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืฉืข โ€“ ื˜ื—ื™ื, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืโ€™: ื›ื™ ื˜ื— ืžืจืื•ืช (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ืžื“); ื”ื˜ื•ื— ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืŸ: ื“ืื™ืชืฉืข (ื•ื™โ€™ ื™ื“:ืžื’). ื•ืจืื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื (ืฉืžโ€™ ื”-ื•, ื“ืฃ ืคื”) ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืœืช โ€œื™ืฉืขื•โ€ ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง: ื•ึฐืึทืœ ื™ึดืฉึฐืืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืฉึธืืงึถืจ (ืฉืžโ€™ ื”:ื˜) ืžืชื•ืจื’โ€™ โ€œื™ืชืจื—ืฆื•ืŸโ€ (ืชืจื’โ€™ ืฉืœ โ€œืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—โ€ ื‘ื›โ€ืž), ื”ืžืจืžื– ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ืฉืขืขโ€™ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื•ื›โ€ื  ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืงืฉืจ ืœืœโ€™ โ€œืฉื•ืขโ€ ื‘ืœืฉื”โ€ืง, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ืœื‘:ื”, ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื“:ื™ื˜; ื•ืชโ€ื™: โ€œืชืงื™ืคื™ืŸโ€), ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื™โ€™ ืœโ€™ ืขืฉื™ืจ/ื ื“ื™ื‘. ืขื›โ€ืค ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“โ€ื› ืžื ื•ืก ืžืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื—. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ #7.

7ืฉืจืฉื• โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื—ื.

8ืžื•ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื (ื:ื˜ื–) ืฉืคโ€™ โ€œื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ ืžื’ื–ืจืช โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ (ืจืื” ืกโ€™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืงืจื™ื, ื“ืฃ 72). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจืกโ€ื’ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื:ื™ื), ืฉื”ืฉื•ื” โ€œื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื™ โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ #7 ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœโ€™ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช.

9ืื™ื•ื‘ืœื—:ืœื• โ€“ ืฉึธืืช ื‘ึทึผื˜ึปึผื—ื•ึนืช; ืจืœื‘โ€œื’ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ: ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ึทื— ืžึตืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถื (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ืžื“:ื™ื—), ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื•ืžื•ืช; ืžืฆโ€œืฆ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืชโ€ฆ ืขโ€ืฉ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘โ€ฆ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื•ึฐื˜ึธื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช (ื•ื™โ€™ ื™ื“:ืžื‘).

10ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”.

11ื›ืกืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™: ื™ืฉืขโ€˜ ืก:ื“ โ€“ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืฆึทื“ ืชึตึผืึธืžึทื ึธื”; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืขืœ ืฆื“ ืชืืžื ื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื’ืกืกื™ืŸ, ื›ืกืœื™ื [ืจืื” ืชโ€ื ืœื•ื™ืงโ€™ ื’:ื“] ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื”ืœืชื™ื‘:ื’ โ€“ ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ืฉึถืื™ึธึผื–ึปืขื•ึผ ืฉึนืืžึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื• ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

12ื ื–ืจื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ืฃืœื) โ€“ ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช.

13ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜, ื›ืขื™ืŸ โ€œื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ื˜โ€: ืจื“โ€œืงืžโ€œืื™:ื˜ื– โ€“ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืฉึธืื—ื•ึผื˜ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืืœื ืžืฉื•ืš, ื•ื›ืŸ: ื—ึตืฅ ืฉึธืื—ื•ึผื˜ ืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ึธื (ื™ืจโ€™ ื˜:ื–)โ€ฆ ื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“โ€ฆ ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืขื•ื”. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™ ืœโ€™ืฉื—ื˜โ€™ ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืจื™โ€ื“.

14ืฉืจืฉื• โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื—ื.

15ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื–โ€ืœ: ื‘ืจโ€˜ ืจื‘ื”ื ื’:ื™ื’ โ€“ ืโ€ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช โ€“ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื™ืœ.

16ื•ืฉืจืฉื• โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ื โ€ืš: ืจืฉโ€œื™ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™โ€˜ ื:ื’ โ€“ ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ (ื‘ืจโ€™ ื›ื) ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืœื ื˜ื™โ€ืช ื•ื—ื™โ€ืช.

17ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฉื˜ื”, ืืžื™ืจื”ื—ื“ื” ื ืงืจืืช โ€œื”ื˜ื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€: ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชืœื‘. โ€“ ืžืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื”ื˜ื™ื— โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื•: ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื).

18ื™ื‘ืžื•ืชืฆ: -ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืืฉืชื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืชืื ื”; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื— โ€“ ื‘ืขืœ.

19ื›ืžื•: ื ื“ื”ืžื’. โ€“ ื–ืจืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื” ื›ื—ืฅ โ€“ ืื™ื ื” ืžื–ืจืขืช. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ืขืช (ื“ืฃ ืงโ€ื‘) ืฉืงืฉืจื• ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื–โ€ืœ: ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ื” (ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืง,ื‘).

20ื‘ืจื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื“โ€ืง ืฉโ€ืฉืจืฉื• ื˜ื—ื•ื”โ€.

21ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฆโ€ืœ โ€œื™ืจื™ื™ืชโ€.

22ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื“โ€ืง (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™) โ€“ ื•ึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ืขึฒื ึดื™ึดึผื™ื ืชึดึผื˜ึฐื—ึธื ื•ึผ (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ื’:ื˜ื•), ืชื›ื• ื•ืชื›ืชืชื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื—ึดื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื™ืชืช ื”ืจื—ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.

23ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื•ื” ื›ืžืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœโ€ืฉื—ื™ืงื”โ€: ื™ืจื•ืฉโ€˜ ืฉื‘ืชื–:ื [ืขื ืคโ€™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉ] โ€“ ื”ึธื”ึตืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ืชึฐื ึทื™ึธึผื™ืโ€ฆ ื›ึทึผื“ ืฉึธืื—ึดื™ืง ื‘ึฐึผืžึธื“ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึธื” [ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืฉืชืŸโ€ฆ ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžื“ื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘] ืžึดืฉึผืื•ึผื ื˜ื•ึนื—ึตืŸ. ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื โ€œืฉื—ืงื™ืโ€ ืขโ€ืฉ ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืŸ: ื–ื•ื”ืจื’:ื›ื•. [ืขื ืคโ€™ ื”ืกื•ืœื] โ€“ ื•ึผืฉึฐืื—ึธืงึดื™ื ื™ึดื–ึฐึผืœื•ึผ ืฆึถื“ึถืง (ื™ืฉืขโ€™ ืžื”:ื—)โ€ฆ ืžึทืืŸ ืฉึฐืื—ึธืงึดื™ื, ืึฒืชึทืจ ื“ึฐึผื˜ึธื—ึฒื ึดื™ืŸ ืžึธื ึธื ืœึฐืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืงึทื™ึธึผื™ื [ืžื”ื• ืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื]. ื™โ€œืฉื:ืง,ื‘ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื— ืฉื โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฆ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืžื“ืชื• ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•โ€ฆ ื•ืžื–ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™, ื›ืžื•: ื•ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื•ื™โ€™ ื™ื“) โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื’ื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื•.

24ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื”โ€ื˜ื™ื—โ€ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื—ื ื• ืื• ืฉื ืฉื—ืงื• ืžื’ื•ืฉื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืขืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ื—.

25ื•ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉโ€ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื: ื™โ€œืฉื:ืง,ื‘ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื— ืฉื โ€˜ื˜ื—โ€™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฆ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืžื“ืชื• ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•โ€ฆ ื•ืžื–ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™, ื›ืžื•: ื•ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื•ื™โ€™ ื™ื“) โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื’ื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื โ€˜ื˜ื—ืŸโ€™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื•.

26ื•ืจืื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉื ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื•ื”ืงื™ืฉืŸโ€: ื™ืจื•ืฉโ€˜ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื—:ื” โ€“ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืขื” ื–ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ืฉื ื™ ืจืขืคื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ึฐืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืื•ึนืจ ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื“ึตื ึดื™ (ืชื”โ€™ ืงืœื˜:ื™ื).

27 ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžืคื™ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œื‘ื“โ€ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืฉืชืŸ (ื›ื•ืชื ื”): ื–ื‘ื—ื™ืื™ื—: โ€“ ืžืžืื™ ื“ื”ืื™ ื‘ื“ ื›ืชื ื ื”ื•ืโ€ฆ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื•ืชื ืžื™ืคืฆื™ืœ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืื’ื‘ ืœืงื•ืชื โ€“ ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฅ ืื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชืฉ. ื•ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื›โ€ืž ืฉื›ืชื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื•: ืชื”ืœื™ืื™ื—:ืžื’ โ€“ ื•ึฐืึถืฉึฐืื—ึธืงึตื ื›ึฐึผืขึธืคึธืจ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื›ึฐึผื˜ึดื™ื˜ ื—ื•ึผืฆื•ึนืช ืึฒืจึดื™ืงึตื; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ืืฉื—ืงื โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ืฉื”.

28ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื, ื›ืžื•: ืจืฉโ€œื™ ื‘ืžโ€™ ื™ื:ืœื‘ โ€“ ื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• โ€“ ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ืŸ; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸื˜:ื’ โ€“ ื”ึทืžึทึผืคึฐืฉึดืื™ื˜ ื‘ึทึผื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื”โ€ฆ ืœึฐืฉึธืื˜ึดื™ื—ึท; ืจืขโ€œื‘ โ€“ ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืข ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื—ืŸ.

29ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื•ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžืฉืœื™ื›:ื— โ€“ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ื“ึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐื–ึธืจึถื” ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื›ึธึผืœ ืจึธืข; ืžืฆโ€œื“ โ€“ ืžืœืš โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”โ€™ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ืื– ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืฉืจโ€™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื˜ืจืื ื™ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจื™โ€ื“)ื”ืฆื™ืข ืงืฉืจ (ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ืฉื˜ื—โ€™ ืœโ€™ืฉื—ื˜โ€™ (ืจืื” ื”ืขืจื” 13 ืœืขื™ืœ): ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ื˜:ื– โ€“ ื—ึตืฅ ืฉึธืื—ื•ึผื˜ ืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ึธื; ืจโ€˜ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ืžื˜ืจืื ื™ โ€“ ื—ืฅ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ โ€“ ืžืฉื•ืš, ื›ืžื•: ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืฉึธืื—ื•ึผื˜ (ืžโ€ื ื™:ื˜ื–). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš โ€œืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€, ื›ืžื•: ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื˜ึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืฉึธืื˜ื•ึนื—ึท (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื:ืœื‘).

30ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ โ€œื ื™ื˜ื•ื—โ€ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื: ืžื›ื™ืœืชืื“ืจื‘ื™ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื‘ืฉืœื—ื’ โ€“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืกื•ืกื™ื ื ืชืคื˜ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืื›ืœื” ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืœึถื—ึถื ืึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึดื™ื ืึธื›ึทืœ ืึดื™ืฉื (ืชื”โ€™ ืขื—:ื›ื”): ืืœ ืชื™ืงืจื™ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื—ื ืฉื ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื›ื; ื–ื”ื™ื ื—ืžื ื• )ืคื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื›ื™ืœืชื) โ€“ ืฉื ื™ื˜ื•ื— โ€“ ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืขื™โ€ื›.

31ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ ืชืžืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื ื™ ืโ€ื™: ืขืœื™ืชืžืจื™ืจื•ืฉโ€˜ ืชืขื ื™ืชื‘:ื โ€“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืโ€ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืžโ€ืฉ ื‘ืื“ืจโ€ื  ืคื›โ€ื“โ€ฆ ืœืกื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขโ€ื’ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืงืžืขื” ืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื• ืขโ€ื›. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื, ื•ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืขโ€ื˜ ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืื—โ€ื› ืื‘ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื ืงืžืขื ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืขโ€ื›.

32ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉโ€™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ โ€œืฉ-ื˜ื•ื—โ€, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืฉโ€™ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื‘ืื”: ืื‘ื•ืชื‘:ื— โ€“ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืงื ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื˜ืคื”; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื˜ืคื”โ€ฆ ืœืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืกื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื•.

33ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžืฉืœื™ื›:ื— โ€“ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ื“ึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐื–ึธืจึถื” ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื›ึธึผืœ ืจึธืข; ืžืฆโ€œื“ โ€“ ืžืœืš โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”โ€™ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ืื– ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.

34ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื“โ€ืง (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื˜ื—ืจโ€™) โ€“ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื—ึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึผื‘ึทื˜ึฐึผื—ึนืจึดื™ื (ื“ื‘โ€™ ื›ื—:ื›ื–), ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ืชึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ื˜ึฐื—ึนืจึดื™ื (ืฉโ€ื ื”:ื˜), ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ืจื“โ€ืง ืฉโ€ื ื”:ื•, ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืคื,ื.

35ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉโ€ืกืชื™ืžื”โ€ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืžื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืกืชื™ืžืชื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงืœืงื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืจื™ื.

36ืจืกโ€ื’ (ื‘ืชืคืกื™ืจ ืœื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื:ื”), ื•ืจืžื‘โ€ื (ืคื”ืžโ€ืฉ ื›ืœืื™ื ื:ื—) ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื ืงืจื โ€œืืœื‘ื˜ื™ืšโ€ (ืื• โ€œื‘ื˜ื™ืšโ€) ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื“โ€ื, ื“ืคื™ื ืžื”-ื ื) ืžืฆื“ื“ โ€œืื‘ืจโ€ืšโ€ ืฉื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช โ€œื‘ื˜ื™ืš ืืฆืคืจโ€ โ€“ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื‘ืจื, ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืžืจโ€™ ืชื ื—ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื“ืฃ 97, ืฉืงืจื ืœืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ โ€œืืœื‘ื˜ื™ืš ืืœืื›ืฆืจโ€ โ€“ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ืจื•ืง.

37ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ืคื— ื•ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื), ื•ื“ื‘ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.

38ืชืจโ€ื™ โ€“ ืžึทืœึฐืคึธื ึทื™ึธื.

39ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื—ื”ื”ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืœึดืคึฐืœื•ึผืฃ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื”: ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืชื˜:ืโ€“ื‘ โ€“ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื—ื•ึนืฆึฐืฆึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึธึผืึธื“ึธืโ€ฆ ืœึดืคึฐืœื•ึผืฃ ืฉึถืื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึธืขึทื™ึดืŸ; ืจืขโ€œื‘ โ€“ ืœืคืœื•ืฃ โ€“ ืฆื•ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื–ื”: ืฉื•ืคโ€˜ ื˜ื–:ื›ื˜ โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืœึฐืคึนึผืช ืฉึดืืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึถืช ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ืขึทืžึผื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืชึธึผื•ึถืšึฐ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ื™ืœืคืช โ€“ ื•ื™ืื—ื–โ€ฆ ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื—ืจื“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืœืคืช ื ืื—ื– ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืฉื” ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ โ€œื•ื™ืœืคืช ืืช ื‘โ€™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืšโ€ โ€“ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื™ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื›โ€ืž.

40ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืฉืขื•ืจื” (ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืจืก, ื•ื โ€ืž ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื”; ืจืื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื•,ื).

41โ€ณื ืคื™ืฉโ€ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€œืคืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืขโ€ ืœื“ืขืช ืจโ€™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคื” (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”): ืื•ืจื—ื“ืฉ (ื•ื™ืงืจืื“ืฃื˜ื•) โ€“ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื” ืขื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืกืคื”โ€ฆ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ื ืคื™ืฉ.

42ื›โ€ื› ื ืžืฉืœื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœโ€ืœืคืชโ€ โ€“ ื™ืจืง ืขื‘ ื•ืงืฉื” [ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— / ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื]: ื‘ืจื›โ€˜ ื ื•. โ€“ ื—ื–ืื™ ืชืจื™ ื’ืจื’ืœื™ื“ื™ ื“ืœืคืชื, ืโ€ืœ: ืชืจื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœืคื™ ื‘ืœืขืช; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ืชืจื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœืคื™ ื‘ืœืขืช โ€“ ืžื›ืช ืžืงืœ ืขื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช. ืกื ื”ื“โ€˜ ื™ื˜: โ€“ ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื– โ€“ ื“ื›โ€™โ€ฆ ื•ื™ื—ืจื“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืœืคืช. ืžืื™ ื•ื™ืœืคืช? ืโ€ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืจื• ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช; ืชื•ืจื”ืชืžื™ืžื”, ืจื•ืชืคโ€˜ ื’ื”ืขืจื”ื™ื“ โ€“ ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช โ€“ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืจืง ืงืฉื”โ€ฆ ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ืžืขืœืช ื‘ื•ืขื– ืฉืืขืคโ€ื› ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจื•.

43ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ื’ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื (ืฉืžโ€™ ื”-ื•, ื“ืฃ ืคื”), ืฉื’โ€ื› ืงืฉืจ โ€œืื‘ื˜ื™ื—โ€ ืœโ€ื˜ื—โ€ โ€“ ืžืคืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืงืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ื™ื— ื”ื—ืœืง (ื”ืฉื•ื” ืœืจืฉโ€ื™ ืชื”โ€™ ื ื:ื” [ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€˜ื˜ื•ื—โ€™], ืฉืคโ€™ [ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืโ€™] ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช โ€œื˜ื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ ืขโ€ืฉ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืงื•ืช [ืžืื•ืคืคื•ืช ื—ึตืœื‘ ื—ึธืœึธืง]). ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืฉืจืฉ ื™ืฉืข (ืขืจืš โ€˜ื‘ื˜ื—โ€™), ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€œื‘ื˜ื—โ€ ืœโ€ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—โ€.

44ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืขืจื•ื’ืชื”ื‘ื•ืฉื (ืคโ€˜ ื•ื™ืฉืœื—) โ€“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื”โ€™ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜. ื•ื™โ€ืœ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืš, ื“ืขโ€ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”โ€™ ืžืžื™ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ืš ื‘ื•โ€ฆ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื›โ€ื” ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ื™ืชโ€™.

45 ื›ืžื•: ืชืžโ€ื™ ืœื•ื™ืงืจื ื“:ื•, ื™ื–, ื™ื“:ื•, ื˜ื–, ื ื, ื™ื˜:ื™ื—, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืจื•ืช ื‘:ื™ื“.

46 ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืจื—ืฆื” ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืช: ืฉโ€œื‘ื™ื:ื‘ โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืจึนื—ึถืฆึถืช ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื’.

47ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ื’ื: ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• (ื“ืฃ ืฆโ€ื•).

48ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—.

49 ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื ืกื™ (ื“ืฃ ืงืœื’); ืžืื•ืจ ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืช (ื“ืฃ 230); ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ืกื–).

50 ืจืื” ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–16, ื“ืฃ ืชืฆโ€ื—), ืžืื•ืจ ืœืžืกโ€™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืชืžื•ื ื” ื’โ€™ ืงืกโ€ื–, ื“ืฃ 168).

51 ื•ื’ื ื”ื›ืกืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช โ€œื›ืคืœื™โ€ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช: ื•ื™ืงืจืื’:ื“ โ€“ ื•ึฐืึตืช ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืœึธื™ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื—ึตืœึถื‘ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึฒืœึตื”ึถืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืกึธืœึดื™ื; ืชืžโ€œื™ โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึทืช ืชึทึผืจึฐืชึตึผื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ึผืœึฐื™ึทื™ืŸ ื•ึฐื™ึทืช ืชึทึผืจึฐื‘ึธึผื ื“ึฐืขึธืœึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ ื“ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึทืคึฐืœึตื™. ื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื›ืกืœโ€™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืคื” ื—ืœื‘, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืชื”โ€˜ ืขื—:ื– โ€“ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืžื•ึผ ื‘ึตืืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœึธื; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื›ืกืœื โ€“ ืชื•ื—ืœืชื; ืื‘โ€œืข โ€“ ื›ืกืœื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื [ื•ื›ืš ืคื™โ€™ ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื™ืœืงโ€ืฉ ืคโ€™ ืฉืœื— ืจืžื– ืชืฉืžื‘)]. ืžืฉืœื™ื’:ื›ื• โ€“ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”โ€™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึฐื›ึดืกึฐืœึถืšึธ; ืจืฉโ€œื™ โ€“ ื”โ€™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืกืœืš โ€“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืš. ืื™ื•ื‘ื—:ื™ื“ โ€“ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืงื•ึนื˜ ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœื•ึน; ืจืœื‘โ€œื’ โ€“ ื›ืกืœื• โ€“ ืจโ€ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื•.





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