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  • yehoshua steinberg
    • 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2017
    • ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช

ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ: ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ~ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2022


ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ:

ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ: ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ืื—ื“, 'ืฉืžืจ', ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“, ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžืœื™ื ืืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื•ื”ืžืืœืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื•.




ื“ื‘' ื“:ื˜ - ืจึทืง ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ืžึฐืึนื“ ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืื•ึผ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ; ืช"ื - ืœื—ื•ื“ ืืกืชืžืจ ืœืš ื•ื˜ืจ ื ืคืฉืš ืœื—ื“ื ื“ืœืžื ืชืชื ืฉื™ ื™ืช ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื“ื—ื–ืื” ืขื™ื ืš.

ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืฉืจืฉ ืื—ื“ - "ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึถืจ", "ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึนืจ" - ืื•ืœื ืชืจื’ื•ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™: "ื”ืฉืžืจ" = "ืืกืชืžืจ", "ืฉืžืจ" = "ื˜ืจ". ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ื•ืœื•. 'ืฉืžืจ' ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืœ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืœ[1]), ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจื™ 'ืกืžืจ' ื”ืืจืžื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจ' ื›ื“:ื• - ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึดื™ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื”; ืช"ื - ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืกืชืžืจ ืœืš ื“ืœืžื ืชืชื™ื‘ ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ ืœืชืžืŸ[2].

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื ื’ื–ืจื™ 'ืฉืžืจ' ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืงืœ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ[3]) ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืจืฉ ืื—ืจ - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืจืฉ 'ื ื˜ืจ'[4], ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจ' ื“:ื˜ - ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ื”ึฒืฉืึนืžึตืจ ืึธื—ึดื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™; ืช"ื - ื•ืืžืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืื—ื™ ืื ื[5]. ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ (ืœืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ): ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ (ืขืจืš 'ื ื˜ืจ'): ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืœ' ื ื˜ื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื•: ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ; ื ื˜ืจ ื™ืช ืคืชื’ืžื... ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืœ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืœ' ืืกืชืžืจ. ืข' ืฉืจืฉ ืกืžืจ. ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืจืš 'ืกืžืจ' ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื ื’ื–ืจื™ 'ืฉืžืจ' ื‘ื ืคืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉ 'ืกืžืจ' ื”ืืจืžื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ. ื‘ืจื, ืฉืจืฉ 'ืกืžืจ' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ืžืกืžืจ"), ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืคื•ืขืœ. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืŸ: 1. ื™ืฉืข' ืžื:ื– - ื•ึทื™ึฐื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงึตื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืžึทืกึฐืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึผื•ึนื˜. ื™ืจ' ื™:ื“ - ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืกึฐืžึฐืจื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทืงึผึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื™ึฐื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงื•ึผื ื•ึฐืœื•ึนื ื™ึธืคึดื™ืง. ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ: 2. ืฉื ื ื:ื›ื– - ื”ึทืขึฒืœื•ึผ ืกื•ึผืก ื›ึผึฐื™ึถืœึถืง ืกึธืžึธืจ; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ืกืžืจ - ื”ืจื™ืฆื™ื™"ืจ[6] ื‘ืœืขื–, ื›ืžื•: ืชึผึฐืกึทืžึผึตืจ ืฉื‚ึทืขึฒืจึทืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“:ื˜ื•). ืชื”' ืงื™ื˜:ืงื› - ืกึธืžึทืจ ืžึดืคึผึทื—ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื‘ึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™[7]; ืžืฆ"ืฆ - ืกืžืจ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืกืžืจ, ื›ืžื•: ืชึผึฐืกึทืžึผึตืจ ืฉื‚ึทืขึฒืจึทืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“:ื˜ื•). ืื™ื•ื‘ ื“:ื˜ื• - ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทืœ ืคึผึธื ึทื™ ื™ึทื—ึฒืœึนืฃ ืชึผึฐืกึทืžึผึตืจ ืฉื‚ึทืขึฒืจึทืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ืชืกืžืจ - ื”ื•ื ืœ' ืื“ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื”ืžืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื‚' ืชื—ืช ืก': ืงื”ืœืช ื™ื‘:ื™ื - ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื“ึผึธืจึฐื‘ึนื ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื›ึฐืžึทืฉื‚ึฐืžึฐืจื•ึนืช ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผืขึดื™ื.

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืกืžืจ' - ืฉืจืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืžืกืžืจ", ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฉืžื™ืจื”" ืžืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉืžืจ'. ื‘ืจื, ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื•ึผื›ึฐืžึทืฉื‚ึฐืžึฐืจื•ึนืช" ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืึฐืžึดื™ืจึธื”: ืชื ื—ื•ืžื[8] ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ื˜ื•[9] - ื•ึผื›ึฐืžึทืกึฐืžึฐืจื•ึนืช ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผืขึดื™ื (ืงื”ืœืช ื™ื‘:ื™ื), ื•ึผื›ึฐืžึทืฉื‚ึฐืžึฐืจื•ึนืช ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืื ืงื‘ืขืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืกืžืจ, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ืš, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉ 'ืกืžืจ'.

ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš "ืืœ ืชื™ืงืจื™" ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืฉืžืจ' ืœ'ืกืžืจ'. ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืžืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: 1) ื”ื™ื“ื•ืงื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื. 2) ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื. 3) ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื–ืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื›ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ: ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื–. - ื”ืจื™ ืขืœื™... ื‘ืจื–ืœ... ืœื ื™ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืœื™ื” ืขื•ืจื‘; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื›ืœื™ื” ืขื•ืจื‘ - ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื—ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื’ื’ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœืฉืชื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื–ืง ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: 1) ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืจืขื•ืข. 2) ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช-ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื–ืง ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”. 3) ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ).

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ืžืกื•ืžืจืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืจื™ ืื ื‘ื ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืกื’ืจื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื ื›ื–ืืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืœื ืชื’ื ื‘ / ืชืงืจืข, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืชืงืœืงืœ! ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืืœื ืžืคืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื˜ืจืช ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื ื™ืขืช ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืœื ื ื˜ื™ืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•'.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืฉืช ืชืฆื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื—ื, ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจื” ื›ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืš 'ื˜ืจ', ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ื•ื™' ื™ื˜:ื™ื— - ืœึนื ืชึดืงึผึนื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึดื˜ึผึนืจ. ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืžืœื” "ื˜ืจื™", ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•:ื˜ื• - ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืœึฐื—ึดื™ ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื”[10]. ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื:ื• - ื•ึผืžึทื›ึผึธื” ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื”[11]. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื˜ืจื™" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื"ื› ืœืœื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆื; ื”ืจื™ ืœื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืขืœืžืช ืžืืœื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”"ื ื˜ื™ืจื”" ืฉืœ "ื•ืœื ืชื˜ืจ" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื ืื” ื•ืชืจืขื•ืžืช[12] - ืžืชืžืขื˜ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ื ืขืœืžืช. ืจืง ื”ึดืชึฐืขึธืจึฐื‘ื•ึผืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื”, ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช "ื ื˜ื™ืจื”", ื‘ื” ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื›ื”.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื˜ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชึฐืขึทืจึฐื‘ื•ึผืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืกืžืจ ืฉืžื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื–ืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช[13]. ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื"ื› ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืฉืžืจ" ื‘ืœืฉื”"ืง (ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœ) ืœืฉืจืฉ 'ืกืžืจ' ื‘ืœืฉื”"ืง, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืžืจ. ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืœื” "ืœื”ืฉืžืจ" ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ืœืœื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•: ื™ืฉืข' ื–:ื“ - ื”ึดืฉืึผึธืžึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืงึตื˜ ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื™ืจึธื, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื•ื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจื“"ืง ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ืข[14]. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืžื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉืžืจ' ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืžืœื” "ืฉืžืจื™ื" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืก, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืชื”' ืขื”:ื˜ - ื•ึฐื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ื—ึธืžึทืจ ืžึธืœึตื ืžึถืกึถืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึผึทื’ึผึตืจ ืžึดื–ึผึถื” ืึทืšึฐ ืฉืึฐืžึธืจึถื™ื”ึธ; ืžืฆ"ืฆ - ืฉืžืจื™ื” - ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืงื”. ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ืื™-ื”ืคืจืขื”. ืœื›ืŸ "ืฉืžืจื™ื" ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื•ืคืช ืœืฉืงื˜ ื•ืฉืื ื ื•ืช: ื™ืจ' ืžื—:ื™ื - ืฉืึทืึฒื ึทืŸ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืžึดื ึผึฐืขื•ึผืจึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฉืึนืงึตื˜ ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืœ ืฉืึฐืžึธืจึธื™ื•; ืžืฆ"ื“ - ืฉืื ืŸ ืžื•ืื‘ ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื• - ืžืขืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื˜ ื•ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื— ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื•. ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ื”ืฉืžืจ" ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื "ืœ, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ืื—ื– ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืืจื ื ื’ื“ื•.

ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืื™ืชื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•: ื“ื‘' ื“:ื˜ - ืจึทืง ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ืžึฐืึนื“ ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืื•ึผ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ; ืช"ื - ืœื—ื•ื“ ืืกืชืžืจ ืœืš ื•ื˜ืจ ื ืคืฉืš ืœื—ื“ื ื“ืœืžื ืชืชื ืฉื™ ื™ืช ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื“ื—ื–ืื” ืขื™ื ืš. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ (ืงืจื™: ืœื ื˜ื•ืจ) ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื›ื•. ื ื˜ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื•"ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช" ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ื•.

ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ "ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ" ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ื "ืืกืชืžืจ", ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืคืฉื• ื›ึผึฐืœึตื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•: ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื“ื‘' ื“:ื˜ื• - ื•ื ืฉืžืจืชื ืžืื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื... ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื—ืฉืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื” ืœื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•; ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืกื›ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช: ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ - ื•ื ืฉืžืจืชื ืžืื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื... ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื•ื ืคืกืœ... ื•ืœื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื”. ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื ืคืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื ื˜ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• - ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”' ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ืคืฉื. ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ึดืฉึธึผืืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ, ืืฉืจ ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืื™ืกึฐืชึทึผืžึทึผืจ ืœึธืšึฐ" ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื—ื” ื”ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื ื›ืœื ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ, ื”ื’ื ื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื™ืจืื” ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžึนืจ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึฐืืšึธ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื›"ื˜ึทืจ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืืšึฐ": ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉืš - ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.

ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ืš, ื•ื ืชืงืขื ื›ืžืกืžืจ ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื ื˜ืฉื• ืœืขื•ืœื. ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื™ืฉืžืจื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืคื’ืข ื•ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ.

[1] ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื” "ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื•ืžื“" - intransitive verb. [2] ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืขืœ: ืฉืž' ื™ื˜:ื™ื‘ - ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึธืจ; ืช"ื - ืืกืชืžืจื• ืœื›ื•ืŸ ืžืœืžืกืง ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื. ื“ื‘' ื“:ื˜ื• - ื•ึฐื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืžึฐืึนื“ ืœึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื; ืช"ื - ื•ึฐืชึดืกึฐืชึผึทืžึฐืจื•ึผืŸ ืœึทื—ึฒื“ึธื ืœึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืชึตื™ื›ื•ึนืŸ. ืฉื•ืค' ื™ื’:ื™ื’ - ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืชึผึดืฉึผืึธืžึตืจ; ืช"ื™ - ื“ึทืึฒืžึทืจึดื™ืช ืœึฐืึดืชึผึฐืชึธื ืชึผึดืกึฐืชึผึทืžึธืจ. ื™ืฉืข' ื–:ื“ - ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืงึตื˜ ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื™ืจึธื; ืช"ื™ - ื•ืชื™ืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืืกืชืžืจ ื•ื ื•ื— ืœื ืชื“ื—ืœ. [3] ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื” "ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื" - transitive verb. [4] ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉืžืจ' (ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืงืœ) ื–ื”ื” ืขื 'ื ื˜ืจ', ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ - ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ื 'ืฉืžืจ' ื›ืœืœ (ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ" ืœื ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง): ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื’:ื” - ื”ึฒื™ึดื ึฐื˜ึนืจ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ืึดื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืœึธื ึถืฆึทื—; ืช"ื™ - ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืชื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืš ืจื•ื‘ื™ืš ืœืขืœื ืื ืชืชืงืฃ ืขืœืš ืžื—ื ืœืืคืจื™ืฉ. [5] ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: ื“ื‘' ื”:ื™ื‘ - ืฉืึธืžื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึฐืงึทื“ึผึฐืฉืื•ึน; ืช"ื - ื˜ืจ ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืฉื‘ืชื ืœืงื“ืฉื•ืชื™ื”. ื“ื‘' ื•:ื›ื” - ื•ึผืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช; ืช"ื - ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื ืืจื™ ื ื˜ืจ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ื™ืช ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ืชื ื”ื“ื. ื‘ืจ' ื™ื—:ื™ื˜ - ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”' ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜; ืช"ื - ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ืŸ ื“ืชืงื ืŸ ืงื“ื ื”' ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ืฆื“ืงืชื ื•ื“ื™ื ื. [6] ืœืกืžื•ืจ - to bristle. [7] ื•ืžื›ืืŸ "ืฆืžืจืžืจืช" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ืกืฉืจ"ืฅ): ื ื“ื” ื˜:ื— - ืืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื•ืกืช... ื•ื›ึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ืฆึฐืžึทืจึฐืžึนืจึถืช ืื•ึนื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ; ืจืข"ื‘ - ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช - ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืกืžืจ ืžืคื—ื“ืš ื‘ืฉืจื™ (ืชื”' ืงื™ื˜). ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช: ืจืžื‘"ื ืืก"ื‘ ื—:ื‘ - ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื“ื... ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืคื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืขื™ื” ื•ื™ืกืชืžืจ ืฉืขืจืช ื‘ืฉืจื”. [8] ืžื”ื“' ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ. [9] ืจืื” ื’ื ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื”: ื™ืจื•ืฉ' ืฉื‘ืช ื•:ื‘, ืกื ื”ื“' ื™:ื., ื‘ืž"ืจ ื™ื“:ื“, ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ืค' ื’'. [10] ืžืฆ"ื“ - ืœื—ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื” - ืœื—ื™ ืœื—ื” ืžืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ. [11] ืจืฉโ€ื™ - ื˜ืจื™ื” - ืžื ื—ื ืคื™' ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื” ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช. [12] ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก: ืœื ืชึผึดืงึผึนื ื•ืœื ืชึดื˜ึผึนืจ ื“ื‘ื‘ื• (ืื™ื‘ื”). [13] ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืกืžืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื›ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžืกืžืจ" [ื‘"ืง ืคื’:]), ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• (ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืœ [ืฉื•ืค' ื“:ื›ื], ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืชื“", ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืž"ืžืกืžืจ"). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื–"ืœ (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื:ืœื—) ืฉื™ืขืœ ืœื ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ืกื™ืกืจื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืชื“ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื›ึฐืœึดื™ ื’ึถื‘ึถืจ ืขึทืœ ืึดืฉึผืึธื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘:ื”). [14] ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื—ื– ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืืจื ื ื’ื“ื•.


4 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ
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