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  • yehoshua steinberg
    • 30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2018
    • ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” 3 ื“ืงื•ืช

ื‘ืœืง: ืžืืžืจ ืงืฆืจ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื™ ~ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2022



ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘:ืœื‘ โ€“ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื”โ€™ ืขึทืœ ืžึธื” ื”ึดื›ึดึผื™ืชึธ ืึถืช ืึฒืชึนื ึฐืšึธ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืืœื•ึนืฉื ืจึฐื’ึธืœึดื™ื ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึธืฆึธืืชึดื™ ืœึฐืฉึธื‚ื˜ึธืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึธืจึทื˜ ื”ึทื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ืœึฐื ึถื’ึฐื“ึดึผื™.


[ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื™ืจื˜โ€ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื. ืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ ื•ืจื“โ€ืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš โ€˜ื™ืจื˜โ€™, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื’ื ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืขืจืš]: ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืจึฐืฉึธืืขึดื™ื ื™ึดืจึฐื˜ึตื ึดื™ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื˜ื–:ื™ื)[1]. [ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ืจืื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉโ€ื™. ื•ืจืื‘โ€ืข, ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืช)].


[ื‘ืจื, ื›ืืŸ ื ืชืžืงื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื’โ€™ื ืื—, ืฉืคืชืจ ืžืœื” ืื—ืจืช, โ€œื’ืœืขโ€, ื‘ืžืœื” โ€œื™ืจื™ื˜ื”โ€]: ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ โ€“ โ€˜ื’ืœืขโ€™: ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึดืชึฐื’ึทึผืœึทึผืข ื”ึธืจึดื™ื‘ ื ึฐื˜ื•ึนืฉื (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื–:ื™ื“), ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืชึผื•ึผืฉึดืื™ึธึผื” ื™ึดืชึฐื’ึทึผืœึธึผืข (ืฉื ื™ื—:ื), ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึฑื•ึดื™ืœ ื™ึดืชึฐื’ึทึผืœึธึผืข (ืฉื ื›:ื’), ืขื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื˜ื”.


[ืืžื ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช โ€œื™ืจื™ื˜ื”โ€, ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขืจืš โ€˜ื™ืจื˜โ€™, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื’ื ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื’ืœืขโ€™ ื•ื’ื โ€˜ื™ืจื˜โ€™ ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช].


[ืื•ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขื›โ€ืค ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ืœื“ื”ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉืจโ€ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื’ืœืขโ€ ื–ื”ื” ืขื โ€œื’ืœื”โ€[2], ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™[3]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™โ€ืž ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื” โ€œื™ืจื˜โ€ ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช]:


ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘:ืœื‘ โ€“ ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึธืจึทื˜ ื”ึทื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ืœึฐื ึถื’ึฐื“ึดึผื™. ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™, ื›ืžื” ื“ืชื™ืžืจ: ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื”ึฑื™ึตื” ืœึธื”ึผ ื‘ึธึผืจึธืง ืžึนืจึธื˜ึธึผื”[4] (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ื:ื˜ื•), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืš ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ืš ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื’ื“ื™.


[ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ื’ื ืžืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืœืง]: ืชโ€ื ื‘ืžโ€™ ื›ื‘:ืœื‘ โ€“ ื”ื ืื ื ื ืคืงื™ืช ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ืืจื™ ื’ืœื™ ืงื“ืžื™ ื“ืืช ืจืขื™ ืœืžื™ื–ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื ืœืงื‘ืœื™[5]. [ื•ืจืื™ื” ืฉืกื‘ืจ ืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ ืฉื›ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ื’ืœืขโ€™, ืžืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• (ืขืจืš โ€˜ืคื˜ืจโ€™), ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื” โ€œื”ืชื’ืœืข ื”ืจื™ื‘โ€ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืคืกื•ืง โ€œืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืŸโ€, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช]: ืจื™ื‘โ€ื’ โ€˜ืคื˜ืจโ€˜โ€ฆ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื–:ื™ื“)โ€ฆ ืฉื™ื–ื”ืจ ืื“ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื•: ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœืข ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ.

[1] [ืžื ื—ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื‘โ€™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืจืš โ€˜ืจื˜โ€™. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื“โ€ืง ื‘ืฉื ื™โ€ื ืฉืฉืจืฉ โ€œื™ืจื˜ื ื™โ€ ื”ื•ื โ€˜ืจื˜ื”โ€™].

[2] [ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื]: ืžืฆโ€œืฆ ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื–:ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืชื’ืœืข โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื’ืœื”, ื‘[ืื•ืช] ื”โ€™. ื•ื›ืŸ: ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื™ืชื’ืœืข (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื—:ื); ืžืœื‘ื™โ€œื ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื’:ื›ื“ โ€“ ืคื“ืขื”ื• โ€“ ืขื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกืจื”, ื•ื™โ€ืž ื›ืžื• ืคื“ื” ื‘ื”โ€™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ืข, ื’ืœื” ื’ืœืข, ืฉื’ื” ืฉื’ืข. [ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื”โ€ืง ืžืกื™ืง ืฉโ€™ื’ืœืขโ€™ ื•โ€™ื’ืœื”โ€™ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ โ€˜ื’ืœโ€™]: ื”ื›ื•ื”โ€œืง ื•ื™โ€˜ ื”:ื“ โ€“ ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืžโ€ืž ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื” ืœื ื–ื– ืžืžืงื•ืžื•, ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”โ€ฆ โ€˜ื’ืœื”โ€™ ื‘ื”โ€™ โ€˜ื’ืœืขโ€™ ื‘ืขโ€™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ืœ ื™ืชื’ืœืข (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›:ื’), ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื™ืชื’ืœืข (ืฉื ื™ื—:ื), ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœืข ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ (ืฉื ื™ื–:ื™ื“) [ื•ืขโ€™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื โ€ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™].

[3] [ื’ื ืžืœื‘ื™โ€ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช โ€œื’ืœืขโ€ ืœโ€ื’ืœื”โ€, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉโ€ื’ืœื”โ€ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•โ€ื’ืœืขโ€ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืจืขื”]: ืžืœื‘ื™โ€ื ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื–:ื™ื“ โ€“ ื•ื”ืชื’ืœืข ื‘ืขโ€™ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื•ืขืจโ€ฆ ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื™ืชื’ืœืข (ื™ื—:ื), ืื•ื™ืœ ื™ืชื’ืœืข (ื›:ื’).

[4] [ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืœื ื’ื–ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉ โ€˜ืžืจื˜โ€™]: ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื™ื—ื–โ€™ ื›ื:ื™ื“ โ€“ ืžืจื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ืคื•ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ื” ื‘ืœืขโ€ื– ืžื ื—ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืคื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ืจื˜ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื. [ืœืขื–ื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื—ืฆื•ื—, ื•ืžื ื—ื ืคื™ืจืฉื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืคื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื™ ื•ืžื’ื•ืœื”. ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื–ื• ืฉืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€˜ืจื˜โ€™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€˜ื—ืจื˜โ€™ ื•โ€™ืฉืจื˜โ€™, ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืกืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืจื•ืฉื ื ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช โ€œืคื™ืกื•ืœโ€, ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจืช โ€œืคืกื•ืœืชโ€ ื‘ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื–โ€ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• (ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœึทืคึธึผืกึทืœ ืžื™ืงืœืื ื’โ€™ืœื•โ€™, ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ืžืื” ืขืœ ืคืกืœื• โ€œื“ื•ื“โ€ ื‘ืžืœื™ื, โ€œื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•โ€)].

[5] [ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื].


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